Civilization Is An Essential Design - 1000 Words

Civilization is an essential design. Civilization, to some extent is a prominent basis of cultural and technological progression. It is the rectification of thoughts and manners in society. Without civilizations, the world as we know it would not be. A civilization develops superfluous of things that help the people be a stable community. These build up an outline for the advancement and rise of the empire. Government is also existent in civilizations. Likewise, the Roman Civilization is an essence on the mankind. It gifted us with their rich culture and also preserved the tradition of the Hellenistic world. The Roman Empire has been one of the most dominant civilizations of all time. Its culture has been mixed throughout many societies. At its peak, the Roman Empire expanded Europe in its vastness and even stretched to Africa and Asia. The Romans left its trace on many societies and left behind a gift of cultural fortune. The Romans started out as a small group of tribes called the Italics, which included Latins, Sabines, and Samnites which were the three largest tribes of the Italics. In the long run, the Latins and Sabines developed to the Romans civilization. The story of Romulus and Remus explains this combination. The ancient Romans believed in a comfortable lifestyle. They lived in style and that was a very important aspect of their living. They cultivated traditions and maintained an enjoyable style of living to fit in with their view of neighborhood andShow MoreRelatedCivilization Is An Essential Design1000 Words   |  4 PagesCivilization is an essential design. Civilization, to some extent is a prominent basis of cultural and technological progression. It is the rectification of thoughts and manners in society. Without civilizations, the world as we know it would not be. A civilization develops superfluous of things that help the people be a stable community. These build up an outline for the advancement and rise of the empire. Government is also e xistent in civilizations. Likewise, the Roman Civilization is an essenceRead MoreAncient Civilization : An Essential Design992 Words   |  4 Pages2015 Civilization is an essential design. Civilization, to some extent is a prominent basis of cultural and technological progression. It is the rectification of thoughts and manners in society. Without civilizations, the world as we know it would not be. A civilization develops superfluous of things that help the people be a stable community. These build up an outline for the advancement and rise of the empire. Government is also existent in civilizations. Likewise, the Roman Civilization is anRead MorePlan 700 Planning Paradigms And Theory1711 Words   |  7 Pagessettlements had many adverse consequences, they are essential components of city history. Wirth argues that people who have decided to live together and share a common purpose formed the ancient large communities, villages, and cities (Wirth, 1995). Filion states the importance of water and military for ancient cities (Filion, 2016). Morris argues that the â€Å"production of a surplus of storable food† and the â€Å" existence of a form writing† are two essential requirements for urban revolution (Morris, 1994)Read MoreUnderstanding By Design Framework By Grant Wiggins And Jay Mctighe919 Words   |  4 PagesAfter examining the Understanding by Design framework by Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe, I have learned how to develop a unit by working backwards. The development of a unit is multi-layered in its focus on curriculum, instruction, and assessment. In planning I need to first assess what the big ideas are that I want my students to learn and why they are so important. In our study of Mesopotamia, we look at how our world began with the first civilization and the achievements that led to advancesRead MoreDesigning A Curriculum Using The Understanding By Design Framework940 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding by Design framework to assist students in achieving a deeper level of understanding the objectives. Proposition 3: Teachers motivate, manage, and monitor student learning. Indicator 3b: Teachers manage the learning environment by engaging students and organizing instruction. Indicator 3c: Teachers use multiple methods of for monitoring and measuring student understanding and make informed decisions about instruction. After examining the Understanding by Design framework by GrantRead MoreApplication, And Assessment Of Current And Projected Styles Of Curriculum922 Words   |  4 Pagesinstruction. After examining the Understanding by Design framework by Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe, I have learned how to develop a unit by working backwards. The development of a unit is multi-layered in its focus on curriculum, instruction, and assessment. In planning I need to first assess what the big ideas are that I want my students to learn and why they are important. In our study of Mesopotamia, we look at how our world began with the first civilization and the achievements that led to advancesRead MoreTechnological singularity Technological singularity is the hypothetical period when artificial600 Words   |  3 PagesTechnological singularity Technological singularity is the hypothetical period when artificial intelligence has progressed to the point of surpassing human intelligence, resulting in radical changes of civilization and human nature [6]. The ongoing acceleration of technology is the implication and inevitable result of what futurist and scientist Ray Kurzweil calls the Law of Accelerating Return, which described acceleration and the exponential growth of the products of an evolutionary process. TheRead MoreThe Islamic Religion Of The Arabian Desert1505 Words   |  7 Pagesthe first half of the seventh century. This unique religion had essential characteristics that made it like no other, it carried an incredible transformation throughout the seventh and eighth centuries and in a sense just like angels above it once collapsed but still has made contributions to today s world civilization. Islam is a very controversial religion when talking about ancient times. This renown religion has many essential characteristics on which it is based on. The word Islam meansRead MoreAncient Civilizations1009 Words   |  4 Pages Ancient Civilizations Ancient Civilizations were more pronounced in the Bronze Age. This historical period lies between 4000 to 1200 BCE. Ostensibly, these civilizations were triggered by the onset of irrigations systems, which concomitantly increased food and water supply. Irrigation schemes and availability of food set precedence for people tens of thousands of people to live together in a common geographical location. Cities, states, and centrally developed kingdoms developed. From historicalRead MoreConstruction Modeling And Cosmos : Study Of Indian Temple Architecture807 Words   |  4 Pagesthe lattice of civilization..lethaby An investigation of history of construction modeling demonstrates that the importance of structural engineering and its connection to human encounters have been communicated in number of routes previously. The learned and innovative advancement of man showed itself in the differed nature of building design in diverse ages and crosswise over distinctive human advancements. Along these lines, everywhere throughout the world, different civilizations and societies Civilization Is An Essential Design - 1000 Words Civilization is an essential design. Civilization, to some extent is a prominent basis of cultural and technological progression. It is the rectification of thoughts and manners in society. Without civilizations, the world as we know it would not be. A civilization develops superfluous of things that help the people be a stable community. These build up an outline for the advancement and rise of the empire. Government is also existent in civilizations. Likewise, the Roman Civilization is an essence on the mankind. It gifted us with their rich culture and also preserved the tradition of the Hellenistic world. The Roman Empire has been one of the most dominant civilizations of all time. Its culture has been mixed throughout many societies.†¦show more content†¦The Roman Empire included a diversity of people from divergent cultures. As they believed in a happy enjoyable life, they designed their city to be entertaining along with constructive. Their society united well together with a unified destiny. They established a society that worked together with very defined impulsions. They built a wonderful transportation for business and comfort. Rome has always been known for its government, the republic, but that was not the way Rome was controlled at first. Rome started out being ruled jointly within the myth, the successor of the joint rule was the Sabine king, Numa Pompilius, who was indeed a proven historical figure. Although Rome enjoyed many years of peace under the rule of Numa Pompilius, his successors were very much war-like and proceeded to lead Rome into an expansive campaign. It wasn’t until Servius Tullius seized the throne after a palace riot killed his father in law, Tarquin I. Servius conducted numerous changes in the time he was in power. He changed the basis of citizenship within Rome from birth to residence. This made Rome more welcoming to the immigrants. He also composed a new assembly; the comitia centuriata. This created voting u nits called centuries and divided the people into different classes by how much they owned. Servius also laid claim to the surrounding countryside and increased the Roman population which led to

Essay on Mass Media Filling the Moral Void - 2390 Words

Mass Media Filling the Moral Void A walk down the streets of D.C. provides more than just exercise and scenery. It is a journey through the stages of Mass Media. The first newsstand one spots is full of every newspaper one could possibly want to read. A couple more steps down the sidewalk, and one can see the televisions flashing through the windows of ESPN Zone, and one is bombarded by the blaring sounds of radios from car stereos and stores alike. It is almost impossible to escape the claw of Mass Media, because there are very few places to which media influence does not extend. Through the beginning of Mass Media during the 1400’s to the present, television, radio and video games have become a large part of every child’s life.†¦show more content†¦The form of media is the way in which it is packaged, and its content is the substance within. Mass media includes newspapers, magazines, books, radio, broadcast, satellite, cable television, film, records, and tapes. From here mass media i s broken into three sub-headings. There is print, including books and the newspaper; oral, including live speeches and communication; and electronic, including television, radio, and video games. The introduction of Mass Media can be drawn back to the 1400’s and the invention of the printing press and movable type. This new method of mass print production was invented by Johannes Gutenberg. Guttenberg led the way for new forms of communicative inventions to take place in the future. Yet there was still no real method of interacting with such media. In 1884 Paul Nipkow developed a rotating disc technology which enabled visual rays to transmit over wire. From here the first pictures on screen were invented, soon thereafter developing into what we know to be the electronic television. Professor of physics, Chet Raymo comments that this invention, by Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves similar to those of light and heat (par 8). This invention of the radio in 1886 concludes the basics of media creation. There are many Mass Media firms which span theShow MoreRelated Culture Industry Theory2015 Words   |  9 PagesIt is increasingly clear that media and culture today are of central importance to the maintenance and reproduction of contemporary societies. Cultures expose society to different personalities, provide models, which display various forms of societal life and cultivate various ways to introduce people into dominant forms of thought and action. These are the types of activities integrate people into society and create our public sphere. Media and technology surround our society; engrained into theRead MoreMy Final Project1967 Words   |  8 Pagesacademic separation given the fact that most papers I have written have been within the confines of a class topic that was not of my specific choosing. Being given the freedom to pick a topic of my own desire also come with what felt like an ethical and moral responsibility. I didn’t want to end up putting time and energy i nto what would feel like another academic paper written on a topic I was only kind of invested in and that would go on to just be consumed by a few of my professors and potentially peersRead MoreLong Tail4720 Words   |  19 PagesPareto Principle (the 80/20 rule that says, in retail, for example, that 80% of your sales will come from 20% of your products) up in the air. II. Thesis 1) The long tail concept is valid and quintessentially customer driven, not only for digital media, but also a growing number of other items in the retail universe. 2) That by its nature, the long tail engages the consumer in an affective and cognitive manner that is transcendental and more impactful. III. Thesis Findings The â€Å"blockbuster†Read MoreThe Appeal And Spread Of Radical Islam2675 Words   |  11 Pagesplastered on posters all around the city; inspiring many youths to follow in their footsteps (Sageman, 2008). It is slightly different in the United States, conversely, teenagers see these radical Islamist all over the news and to some this kind of mass attention is appealing. For example, infamous Islamic terrorist Younis Tsouli, exclaimed online â€Å"I am one of the most wanted terrorist on the internet† (Sageman, 2008). He also later stated, â€Å"I have the Feds and the CIA, both would love to catch me†Read MoreBusiness Law Summary7817 Words   |  32 Pagesject  tot   the  law   Legislature  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  the  state’s  bodies  with  legislative  authority   Legal  system  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  the  total  of  all  legal  rules  and  institutions  involved  in  creating,   interpreting  and  enforcing  the  ru les      1.3  Business  ethics   Ethics  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  comprise  the  moral  and  value  standards  that  act  as  behavioural   guidelines   Business  ethics  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  studies  ethics  within  a  business  and  company  setting   Corporate  culture  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  reflects  the  values,  beliefs,  assumptions  and  symbols  that   define  the  way  in  which  the  organization  conducts  its  business  Read MoreThe Ford Pinto Case9294 Words   |  38 Pagesreckless homicide and criminal recklessness. Some felt the issues raised in the Ford Pinto cases were an example of the deep pocket company disregarding consumer safety in pursuit of the almighty dollar. Others feel they are an example of runaway media coverage blowing a story out of proportion.5 Regardless of opinion, the Ford Pinto case is a tangled web of many complex legal and ethical issues. To determine if the proper result was achieved in this case, one has to evaluate and weigh theseRead MoreThe Ford Pinto Case9301 Words   |  38 Pagesreckless homicide and criminal recklessness. Some felt the issues raised in the Ford Pinto cases were an example of the deep pocket company disregarding consumer safety in pursuit of the almighty dollar. Others feel they are an example of runaway media coverage blowing a story out of proportion.5 Regardless of opinion, the Ford Pinto case is a tangled web of many complex legal and ethical issues. To determine if the proper result was achieved in this case, one has to evaluate and weigh these manyRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 Pages 2.2.2. The Confucian Revival†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 2.3. Human Behavior: Nurture versus Nature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 3. Background Information†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 3.1. China’s Media Reform†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 3.1.1. From Class Struggle to Cultural Education: Changes in the Media Landscape†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 3.1.2. The Effectiveness of the Media Reform: An Ideological Chokehold†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 3.2. Confucianism in journey to the West†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 4. Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 4.1. Textual andRead MoreMotivation in Work Settings: Reflection in the Core Organizational Management Strategy16099 Words   |  65 Pagessuperior value at a price level which is acceptable to the mass of the buyers in the target market. Kim and Mauborgne (1999) provide several reasons for the necessity of value innovations as the crucial principle of successful companies in today’s economy. Besides the shift from a production- and resource-based economy to a knowledge by supply as well as the increasing rate of change in terms of new knowledge, the emergence of new media such as the internet and further effects occurring in the contextRead MoreThesis, Term Paper, Essay, Research Paper21993 Words   |  88 Pagescome to perceive teenage pregnancy as resulting from female gender role (Parekh De La Rey, 1997). Adolescent pregnancy should be understood in a social context in which it occurs. Society socialises its youth through institutions, family, peers and media (Galambos, 2004), and thus the adolescent will clarify for himself or herself the gender role as constructed by the society that he or she belongs to. According to Bierie Bingham (1994), gender identity is at the core of identity and it equals the

Exploring the greek mythology through the ‘Odyssey’ Free Essays

Literary narratives such as the Greek and the Roman mythologies have played a great part on the development of societies around the world. Especially in the context of western civilization, the mythologies of the Greeks and the Romans significantly shaped the culture of this region. Aside from its culture, it also highly influenced its society in general. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring the greek mythology through the ‘Odyssey’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, politics and religion are also explained in the light of the Greek and Roman mythologies. In this paper, it will explore on the Greek mythology through the myth on the ‘Odyssey’. More specifically, it will emphasize on its main character by the name of Odysseus or Ulysses. Through this character, this paper will be able to explain the role of myth on the changing cultural make-up of Greece. In particular, this myth will serve as an instrument in identifying the way Greeks perceive and use mythologies. Finally, this paper will also present the different key points of the myth. The Odyssey is an epic of Homer about the adventures of Odysseus. Specifically, this myth is considered as the sequel to the earliest well-known surviving work in Western literature which is the ‘Iliad’. In comparison to many sequels in the present era, the ‘Odyssey’ is considered to be distinct because of its originality and even stands as an independent work. (Napierkowski, 1998a) It has been said that its main character, Odysseus, has been a celebrated hero in the Greek mythology. Being the central character in the ‘Odyssey’, he is best known for is adventures during his ten-year journey home after the Trojan War. His journey to home on Ithaca took ten years because of the anger of the sea god Poseidon. During his journey and adventures, the hero went to many wondrous and dangerous places. Along the way, he lost all his companions and the treasure he had gotten from Troy Arriving home at last after an absence of 20 years, Odysseus had to defeat rivals trying to take possession of his wife and his kingdom. Then he had to prove his identity to his wife, Penelope. (Wickersham, 2000) The adventures of Odysseus are highlighted by his achievement of victory in various challenges or struggles. Among this is the encounter with the Ciconians, the Lotus-eaters, Polyphemus, Aeolus, the Laestrygonians, Circe, Journey to the underworld, the sirens, Scylla and Charybdis, the cattle of Helios as well as the Calypso and the Phaecians. More importantly, one can also add the difficulties he acquired upon his arrival in Ithaca due to the suitors of his wife, Penelope. Eventually, all of these trials were conquered by Odysseus. Therefore, he was dubbed as a hero. Moreover, the qualities he manifested during his trials were considered as the qualities of a real or true hero. Undoubtedly, the voyages and troubles encountered by Odysseus highlights the concept of heroism, loyalty, creativity and order. In addition, the ‘Odyssey’ is also famous for its use of symbolism as well as for the pace and variety of its action. With this, both the ‘Iliad’ and the ‘Odyssey’ set the standard by which epic poetry, if not all poetry of any kind, was judged in the past 1,500 years. More importantly, the story on the wanderings of Odysseus has remained a perennial favorite to the present day. (Napierkowski, 1998a) Basically, the appeal of the ‘Odyssey’ is derived from its nature as being able to present the Greek people as well as the way of life in ancient Greek society. In short, the story serves as an archetype to various societies and not just the Greek community. Particularly, the characters of Penelope and Odysseus serve as a role model to the multitude. Their way of life has been the idealized life of the many. Until today, the moral of the story has continuously been resonated to the people of any culture or ethnic group. Furthermore, the theme of human condition is the most important theme in the ‘Odyssey’. In the story, almost every aspect of humanity is depicted- good, bad, young, old, individuals and groups, the living and even the dead. Other themes also include love and loyalty, order and disorder, heroic craftiness, the nature of women, triumph over temptation, home, the epic journey, the God’s involvement, revenge, heroism and, creativity, imagination and deception. Â  (Napierkowski, 1998b) Indeed, the story of Odysseus made a great impact on the society of the Greek people. In fact, even in the present day, the story on the adventures of this great hero is still related to many people around the world. In the contemporary society, people have created a modern version of the ‘Odyssey’ through the aid of media technology. This is evident on the animated version of this story in order to cater the needs of the children or the young generation. REFERENCES Burns, M. (1996, May 1). The wanderings of the Odysseus: The story of ‘The Odyssey.’ The Horn Book Magazine. Â  72 (3). Napierkowski, Marie Rose. (Ed). (1998). Odyssey: Introduction. Epics for students. Vol.1. Detroit: Gale. (1998). Odyssey: Themes. Epics for Students. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, Wickersham, John M. (Ed). (2000). Odysseus. Myths and Legends of the World. Macmillan: Thomson Gale. Â   How to cite Exploring the greek mythology through the ‘Odyssey’, Essay examples

Internet Plagiarism free essay sample

Running head: INTERNET PLAGIARISM1 Internet Plagiarism Anna Pindell Devry University INTERNET PLAGIARISM2 Plagiarism, copyright laws and social networking. Social and professional networking sites have changed the way we connect and network to other people. It has become a necessity to utilize these sources as a way to communicate and express our thoughts, ideas and interests often by posting a written statement or image. Too often these expressions are stolen without the knowledge of the original source. Plagiarism is considered fraud and idea stealing is an act of plagiarism. Copyright law must be used in conjunction with the rules of plagiarism to protect the expressions made by people on social networking sites. Plagiarism can take on many forms. According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to â€Å"plagiarize† means: †¢ to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own. †¢ to use (another’s production) without crediting the source. †¢ to commit literary theft. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Plagiarism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢ to present as new and original an idea product derived from an existing source. Simply put, plagiarism is an act of copying and it has been around for centuries, even before the invention of the printing press by German inventor Johannes Gutenburg around 1450 A. D. Historians say that there was very little regard for authorship and that scholars and other authors liberally copied works from others using scissors and paste. In the 17th century during a sequence of internecine wars between England, Scotland, and Ireland, Monarch Charles I was tried and sentenced to death and Britain was ruled by INTERNET PLAGIARISM4 republican systems that often ignored patents and licensing and allowed the ook trade to expand. Poor writers were paid to use the works of more successful writers in order to create journals and pamphlets that could be sold at a profit. Publishing pirates often reprinted original best selling books into smaller formats that could easily be disposed of and could charge a cheaper price in order for larger amounts of people to purchase not just royalty. These pirates would then mix and match content as they saw the need or opportunity (Johns, 2009). The time between then and the late 20th century, plagiarism has been verily easy to detect. There were fewer sources then to copy and there wasn’t the dissemination of information that we have today. Today, publishers have to contend with several forms of plagiarism: †¢ self-plagiarism; which is when an author uses his own work over and over again without acknowledgement. †¢ literal, or word-for-word plagiarism; which is when an author uses another author’s text word for word without acknowledgement. Plagiarism of this nature is considered academic fraud. †¢ image plagiarism; can range from table and diagrams to artwork and photographs. Often it is easier to prove copyright infringement when it comes to imagery. Ideas plagiarism; when an idea of another is used for commercial gain without acknowledgement. INTERNET PLAGIARISM5 †¢ citation plagiarism; either not giving credit for sources or removing other citations to make things easy. †¢ wholesale plagiarism; is blatant piracy and involves completely copying someone else’s work f or financial reasons (Sanders, 2010). With the increasing advancement of our digital age plagiarism is getting easier to detect and for a small fee students and writers can stay honest (Posner, 2007). These anti-plagiarism sources benefit the academic world, but what happens when plagiarism is used by large corporations? writing android service The Authors Guild, the Association of American Publishers, and also a group of authors and publishers filed a class action lawsuit against Google Book Search (GBS) in 2008. Google denied any wrongdoing but did settle with the plaintiffs for the amount of $45 million dollars to be distributed to the copyright holders. GBS’s supporters would argue that preserving books by digitizing them help us to access our past and in the wake of natural disasters this process is necessary. Top publishing houses and universities from all over the world including Oxford University have supported GBS since 2004. Many feel that if GBS has to ask permission for each book that is in print or out of print it wouldn’t exist. However, if they don’t ask permission and they are using excerpts or complete copies of these books that is plagiarism and because many of these books are still in copyright the rights of the copyright holders has been violated. After all Google is not completely altruistic, they are making a profit from their invention (Koehler, 2008). INTERNET PLAGIARISM6 Social understanding of intellectual property rights change as our culture changes. The more we know about past literary rights the better we can make arrangements for the rights of our future. The first copyrighted law came into effect in 1710 with the British Statute of Anne. This statute asks the Queen and Parliament to prevent corrupt printers and booksellers from reprinting and publishing the works of original authors and proprietors. This act also asks the Queen that any of these published works that do not have the consent of the original proprietor be used for waste paper and that one penny for each sheet published be charged to the immoral publishers and then given to the Queen and her family ((Netanel, 2008). Two hundred years later famous authors like Charles Dickens, Victor Hugo, and Edgar Allen Poe were to campaign for copyright protection (Koehler, 2008). Since then copyright laws have been changed and revised. In 1976 The Fair Use Doctrine was added as Section 107 of The Copyright Act of 1976 and states that â€Å"The Fair Use Doctrine is one of the most important limitations on the exclusive rights of the copyright holder. It allows that copyright can be infringed because strict application of the law impedes the production and dissemination of works to the public† (What is fair, 2011). This act provides a four-part test for fair use. Under section 107: the factors that need to be considered for fair use are the following: 1. the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; INTERNET PLAGIARISM7 2. the nature of the copyrighted work; 3. the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and 4. the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors (Koehler, 2008). These factors are very important in determining copyright infringement in today’s fast-pasted information exchange. The Internet has changed the way we are informed and how we are educated. It has also changed the way we are connected to those around us. In 1994 one of the first Internet Social Networking sites was launched called Geocities. com. The concept of this web site was for users to created their own web site in accordance to one of six cities (Hollywood, New York City, etc. ) In 1995 Theglobe. com gave their users the ability to interact with others and publish their own life experiences. In 1997 Sixdegrees. com launches which allowed its users to create their own profile and list friends. 2002 introduced us to Friendster. com which allowed us to connect with real-world friends. Friendster. com grew to over 3 million users in 3 months and was quickly followed by Myspace. com in 2003. In the years to follow there is a surge in social networking sites to include; LinkedIn. com, Classmates. com, and Tribe. net to name a few. Then INTERNET PLAGIARISM8 in 2004 Facebook. com is launched and quickly turns into the most successful and widely used social networking site in the world. In 2006 Twitter. com is launched as a site that is also a social networking site that encourages micro blogging and instant messaging. Today’s current statistics show that from April of 2009 to February 2010, Facebook nearly doubles its membership status from over two hundred million to over four hundred million active users. In 2008, Twitter reported an annual growth rate of 752 percent, capping off the year with a total of 4. 43 million unique visitors in December (Purcell, 2010). It’s safe to say that social networking sites like the ones listed above have changed the way we connect to each other. These sites have given even the most introverted personality types the means to communicate and stay connected to people all over the world. Social networking sites have changed the way we communicate with each other and they have also changed the way we dispute each other. Early in the history of social networking sites people were filing lawsuits against such sites for slanderous statements made from one user against another. They also sued for inappropriate image postings, illegal use of trade marking, fraudulent promises, and other liability risks. Luckily in 1996 the U. S. Congress foresaw these increased liability risks and created the Communications Decency Act (CDA) that contains provisions that minimize some of these liabilities (Purcell, 2010). This CDA grants interactive computer service providers (ICSP’s) immunity from civil suits. Because of this immunity social networking sites have expanded and become hugely successful. INTERNET PLAGIARISM9 However, in order for these ICSP’s to qualify for this immunity they must remain liable for â€Å"any law pertaining to intellectual property† (Purcell, 2010). Intellectual property is the product of human creativity, thought, and inventiveness. Even though intellectual property is intangible, it can be more valuable than real or personal property (Bouchoux, 2001). Napster was a successful company until it fell under the scrutiny of the intellectual property law. In addition to these intellectual property liabilities the ICSP’s must also self regulate their sites to screen for offensive or obscene material. Intellectual property rights are protected under the terms of service for Facebook. com. When you accept these terms of service you are granting Facebook â€Å"a non-exclusive, transferable, sub-licensable, royalty-free, worldwide license to use any IP (Intellectual Property) content that you post on or in connection with Facebook (IP License). This IP License ends when you delete your IP content or your account unless your content has been shared with others, and they have not deleted it. (Facebook terms of,) Twitter’s terms of service state that â€Å"you agree that this license (agreement) includes the right for Twitter to make such Content available to other companies, organizations or individuals who partner with Twitter for the syndication, broadcast, distribution or publication of such Content on other media and serv ices, subject to our terms and conditions for such Content use. † (Twitter terms of, ) These services agreements are legally binding documents. If you want to participate on these social networking sites you must accept these terms of service. INTERNET PLAGIARISM10 The best way to protect yourself against social networking sites using your images and other intellectual property is to create your own web site where it will be protected by copyright laws. For $35 anyone can get his or her work legally copyrighted. Although copyrighting your work is not necessary if you decide to not publish your work. However, if someone steals your work and you want to file a lawsuit a copyright will be necessary. Copyright law gives the owner of the copyright the legal right to do what they want with what they have created. It is then up to that individual to determine how their product will be used, copied, and transferred. It is also up to the copyright holder to grant permission to use their product. If the copyright holder does not give you permission then you have no right to use their product. It has been the forbearance by copyright holders from enforcing their rights in order to accommodate most social networking users. If the forbearance were to stop the success of social networking would slow down considerably. In 1997 the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) was made into law where, among other things, states â€Å"In general, limits Internet service providers from copyright infringement liability for simply transmitting information over the Internet. Service providers, however, are expected to remove material from users web sites that appears to constitute copyright infringement† (The digital millennium, 2001). Basically, if you post a video of your baby dancing to Prince’s â€Å"Let’s Go Crazy† the DMCA can send you a takedown notice. Which they did in 2007. INTERNET PLAGIARISM11 Some would argue that the copyright laws should be changed to allow participants of social networking sites to create and distribute their derivative works to promote the creation and dissemination of information for the progress of culture and social justice. The labor of these derivative works have been applied only the original concept has been kept the same. Jerry Siegal and Joe Shuster created Superman and from that invention spawned other great superheroes like Captain America, Batman, Spiderman, Green Lantern, and the Fantastic Four. If Siegal and Shuster would have filed a lawsuit to all of the other artists that created superheroes then those superheroes wouldn’t exist and our culture would not know them. Fan fiction is a popular medium typically written in blog form where the characters of popular stories are re-written and the plot is changed, perhaps from the perspective of a villain or sidekick. There are several of these works written online using the J. K. Rowling Harry Potter characters. While these characters and the pretend world they live in are considered plagiarism under sections 101, 103, and 106 of the Copyright Act (Jamar, 2010) they still exist. Rowling herself has stated that she will sometimes use the Harry Potter online dictionary when she’s writing something new because it’s easier for her to find information quickly than to have to go back to her previous works. However, when a fan tries to publish these works of fan fiction she will take them to court and she will win. All of her characters, the magic they do and the environment they live in are pieces of her intellectual property and are protected by copyright law. Only J. K. Rowling can decide what happens to them. Fan fiction writings and other derivative works may seem harmless and seemingly may assist in the expansion of our cultural expression, using another person’s intellectual property is causing students from kindergarten to college age to have a very passive outlook to cheating. With the vast amounts of information online students feel as though this information is there’s for the taking. They are getting their information from a variety of online sources and studies show that one third of students plagiarize using social networking sites (Levy, Sirico, 2011). Many of us use social networking as a means to stay connected to people and events in our lives. Social networking has made it possible to share and communicate with people instantly from all over the world. Understanding the Terms of Agreement behind these sites will make us aware of the risk involved in posting our thoughts, ideas and interests. The more people know about stolen rights the more likely they are to do something about it. Standing up against these social networking sites will force the Copyright Laws to include acts of plagiarism. INTERNET PLAGIARISM12 References Bouchoux, D. . (2001). Protecting your companys intellectual property. New York, New York: American Management Association. Facebook terms of service. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 16, 2011 from http://www. facebook. com/terms. php. Jamar, S. D. (2010). Crafting copyright law to encourage and protect user-generated content in the Internet social networking context. Source-Widener Law Journal, 19(3), 943-872. Johns, A. (2009). Piracy. Chicago, Il: The University of Chicago Press. Koehler, W. (2008). In the matter of plagiarism.. ractice makes perfect. Journal of Library Administration, 47(3/4), 111-124. Levy, J. B. , Sirico, L. J. (2011, May 2). Student cheaters rely mostly on social networks and wikipedia. Retrieved from http://lawprofessors. typepad. com/legal_skills/2011/05/student-cheaters-rely-mostly-on-social-networks-and-wikipedia. html Netanel, N. W. (2008). Copyrights paradox. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. Posner, R. A. (2007). The little book of plagiarism. United States: Pantheon Books. Purcell, R. E. (2010). Is that really me? social networking and the right of publicity. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law, 12(3), 611-639. Saunders, J. (2010). Plagiarism and the law. Learned Publishing, 23(4), 279-292. The digital millennium copyright act. (2001, February 8). Retrieved on June 16, 2011 from http://gseis. ucla. edu/iclp/dmca1. htm. Twitter terms of service. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 16, 2011 from http://twitter. com/tos. What is fair use? (n. d. ). Retrieved June 16, 2011, from http://www. ala. org/ala/issuesadvocacy/copyright/copyrightarticle/whatfairuse. cfm.